Combating corruption through criminal law enforcement alone cannot resolve the corruption crisis. Therefore, direct public oversight is an important complementary mechanism. This oversight takes two main forms: individual corruption reporting and the activities of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Establishing an appropriate legal framework for public reporting, removing barriers, and strengthening protective mechanisms can facilitate the timely detection, investigation, and prosecution of corruption. The rules governing public corruption reporting can be divided into two categories: negative rules, which aim to eliminate obstacles to reporting, and positive rules, which seek to enhance its efficiency and effectiveness.



NGOs, as representatives of civil society, play a significant role in promoting public participation and improving the effectiveness of anti-corruption policies and programs. However, their activities in Iran face several challenges, including strict government control, complex oversight of their establishment and organizational and financial structures, and existing legal gaps. Accordingly, strengthening public oversight requires reforming the legal framework, removing barriers to civic participation, and establishing transparent and effective mechanisms to protect corruption reporters and support the independent and responsible activities of NGOs.